FURTHER PHYLOGENETIC CONSIDERATIONS

FURTHER PHYLOGENETIC CONSIDERATIONS

Debate is still going on the position of these phyla. There are different views aboutthe origin of these phyla

1. Polyphyletic: It means that all phyla have separate origin. But still scientist that the number of independent origins is probably small.

2. Diphyletic: Some zoologists believe that the animal kingdom is Diphyletic. Therefore,  the Poriferan derived separately from all other phyla. There is a similarity betwen poriferan choanocytes and choanoflagellates. This similarity suggests that protists have evolutionan ties with these groups.

3. Monophyletic: Many zoologists believe that the sponges have a common ancestry with other animals. The amoeboid and ilasliated cells in sponges and higher animals support this view. But the Porilera are evolutionary “dead ends^“. They gave rise to no other animal phyla.

Or_igin of Cnidaria and Ctenophora

There are two interpretations about the origin of cnidaria and ctenophora:

1. Radial ancestor: One interpretation is that the ancestral animal was derived from a radially ancestor. This ancestor itself is derived from a colonial flagellate. Therefore, radiate phyla (Cnidaria and (ctenophora) are closely related to that ancestral group.

2. Bilateral ancestor: Other zoologists believe that bilateral symmetry is the body form^. The bilateral ancestor gave rise to both the radiate phyla and bilateral phyla. Therefore, the radiate phyla are removed from the base of the evolutionary tree.

Origin of Cnidaria

The classical interpretation is that primitive Hydrozoa were the ancestral radial animals. The medusoid body form is the primitive body form. It suggests that the medusa is the adult body form in the Hydrozoa. Therefore, it is the only body form in some trachyline hydrozoans. The polyp evolved secondarily as a larval stage.

Then septa appeared. It divided the gastrovascular cavity. Therefore,  the gonads becomes endormal in origin. Thus origin of three other classes took place. There is evolutionary reduction of the polyp stage in class Syphozoa and Cubozoa. But there is a loss of medusa stage in Anthozoa. Budding take places in the polyp of Scyphozoa. The shape of medusa of Cubozoa is cuboidal.

Affinities of Ctenophora

The relationships of the Ctenophora to any other group of animals are uncertain. The Ctenophora and Cnidria have following important common characteristics

(i) Radial (biradial) symmetry

(ii) Diploblastic organization

(iii)Nerve nets

(iv) Gastrovascular cavities.

But still there are differences in adult body forms and embryological development. Thercfore, it is difficult to derive the Ctenophora from any group of cnidarians. Thus, there are distant relationships between Cnidaria and Ctenophore.

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