DEFINITIONS AND KEY POINTS FOR OBJECTIVES of STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BIOMOLECULE
| TERMS | DEFINITIONS |
| Carbohydrates | Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. |
| Disaccharides | The sugars composed of mo monosaecharidesare called disaccharides.These sugars are linked bn glxcosidic linkage |
| Sucrose | It is a disaccharide formed h Nlinking amolecule of glucose to a molecule of fructose. |
| Lactose | A glucose molecule bonds to anothermonosaccharide_ galactose and it forms
disaccharide lactose (commonkcalled milk |
| Maltose | It is formed b‘ the joining of glucose subunits. It gives beer seeds a sweet taste. [leer brev,el’S ferment barley into alcohol. |
| Polysaccharides | The poly liter of many monosaccharides iscalled polysaccharides. |
| Amylose starch | It is a simple form of starch. Amy lose have unbranched chain of glucose. It is soluble in hot water. |
| Amylopectin | It is mostcomplex form of starch. It hasbranched chains. It is insoluble in hot or cold water. |
| Lipids | Lipids are nonpolar organic molecules that areinsoluble in polar water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents like ether, alcohol, and chloroform. |
| Fats | Fats are esters of fatty acids and glycerol. |
| Fatty acid | Fatty acids contain long hydrocarbon chains bonded to carboxyl (COOH) groups. |
| Waxes | The mixture of long chain alkanes (with odd number of carbon from (‘23 to Cu). alcohols, |
| ketones. and esters of long chain fatty acids is called waxes, e.g. cutin. | |
| Protein . | Proteins are polymers of amino acids. |
| Hydrophobic .amino acids | These amino acids contain non-polar side |
| Hydrophilic amino acids |
These amino acids have polar side chains. |
| Primary structure | The linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chains is called primary structure. |
| Secondary structure | The structure formed by folding or coiling of poly peptide chain Yy ith the help of hydrogen bonding is called secondary structure. |
| a helix | A delicate coil of polypeptide chain heldtogether by • hydrogen bonding between every fourth peptide bond is called alpha helix. |
| Pleated sheet | A sheet of polypeptide chain formed by thefolding backand forthof the polypeptide chain is called p pleated sheet. |
| Tertiary structu re | The structure of protein formed by folding of helix or sheet into a three dimensional shape is called tertiary structure. |
| DNA | The nucleic acid polymer ofdeoxyribonucleotides is called DNA. |
| Exon | The coding portions are called exons |
| Introns | The noncoding an portions are called |
| RNA | he poly mers of ribonucleotides arecal ledRN A. |
| Transcription • | The process of synthesis of RNA from DNA is called transcription. |
| tRNA | The tRNA reads message (code) on inRNAand transfer specific amino acid to the ribosome. |
| rRNA . | The rRNA combines with ribosomal proteins and forms ribosome. |
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