DEFINITIONS AND KEY POINTS FOR OBJECTIVES of STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BIOMOLECULE

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TERMS	DEFINITIONS
Carbohydrates	Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.
Disaccharides	The sugars composed of mo monosaecharidesare called disaccharides.These sugars are linked bn glxcosidic linkage
Sucrose	It is a disaccharide formed h Nlinking amolecule of glucose to a molecule of fructose.
Lactose	A glucose molecule bonds to anothermonosaccharide_ galactose and it forms disaccharide lactose (commonkcalled milk sugar).
Maltose	It is formed b‘ the joining of glucose subunits. It gives beer seeds a sweet taste. [leer brev,el’S ferment barley into alcohol.
Polysaccharides	The poly liter of many monosaccharides iscalled polysaccharides.
Amylose starch	It is a simple form of starch. Amy lose have unbranched chain of glucose. It is soluble in hot water.
Amylopectin	It is mostcomplex form of starch. It hasbranched chains. It is insoluble in hot or cold water.
Lipids	Lipids are nonpolar organic molecules that areinsoluble in polar water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents like ether, alcohol, and chloroform.
Fats	Fats are esters of fatty acids and glycerol.
Fatty acid	Fatty acids contain long hydrocarbon chains bonded to carboxyl (COOH) groups.
Waxes	The mixture of long chain alkanes (with odd number of carbon from (‘₂3 to Cu). alcohols,

	ketones. and esters of long chain fatty acids is called waxes, e.g. cutin.
Protein .	Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
Hydrophobic .amino acids	These amino acids contain non-polar side
Hydrophilic amino acids	These amino acids have polar side chains.
Primary structure	The linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chains is called primary structure.
Secondary structure	The structure formed by folding or coiling of poly peptide chain Yy ith the help of hydrogen bonding is called secondary structure.
a helix	A delicate coil of polypeptide chain heldtogether by • hydrogen bonding between every fourth peptide bond is called alpha helix.
Pleated sheet	A sheet of polypeptide chain formed by thefolding backand forthof the polypeptide chain is called p pleated sheet.
Tertiary structu re	The structure of protein formed by folding of helix or sheet into a three dimensional shape is called tertiary structure.
DNA	The nucleic acid polymer ofdeoxyribonucleotides is called DNA.
Exon	The coding portions are called exons
Introns	The noncoding an portions are called
RNA	he poly mers of ribonucleotides arecal ledRN A.
Transcription •	The process of synthesis of RNA from DNA is called transcription.
tRNA	The tRNA reads message (code) on inRNAand transfer specific amino acid to the ribosome.
rRNA .	The rRNA combines with ribosomal proteins and forms ribosome.

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