Chapter 9 ZOOLOGY OBJECTIVES

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Chapter 9 ZOOLOGY OBJECTIVES

Q .(a) To which type of environments the two types of skeletons “a” Fig.1.25 and “b” Fig.1.25 are suitable?

(b) What appendages are used in the two?

(c) Comment on adaptive features.

Ans. ‘a’ shows endoskeleton of a bony fish. The endoskeieton of a fish is suitable for locomotion in aquatic environment. The fish moves with the help of appendages called fins. Since water has a buoyant effect on the fish body, there is little requirement of skeletal support. Muscles used in locomotion are attached to the axial skeleton. ‘b shows dorsal view of skeleton of frog with modifications for support on land. The skeleton is more rigid, bony, and with elongated appendages (limbs) for support on land surface.

Q.(a) To which groups of animals the skins a (1.10a) and b (1.11) represent? b) Comment on specific adaptive features in each.

Ans. Diagram (a) is a vertical section of skin of a bird, while (b) is a vertical section of skin of a mammal.

Skin of bird lack epidermal glands, epidermis is thin, outer keratinized layer is quite soft. Epidermal derivatives, the feathers, are most prominent feature. These help in flying, thermal regulation, in courtship behaviour, and defense.

Skin of mammals has a greater variety of epidermal glands, a highly cornfield epidermis, and thicker dermis. Hair is a protective insulating layer. Adipose tissue in hypodermis stores energy in the form of fat and provides insulation in cola environments. Sudoriferous glands secrete seat which help regulate body temperature.

Figure — 1.14
Name the types of feathers shown in diagram.
Comment on their functions. Ans. See the diagram 1.14 and caption.

Q. Figure — 1.30

A. Identify the type of muscle.

B. What function each perform.

Q. Figure (A) 1.25— (B) 1.26

(a) Label the diagrams.

(b) Comment on the adaptations for locomotion in each case.

Ans. A. Diagram A shows the skeleton of a bony fish. The structures used in locomotion are the muscles, and appendages, which are the dorsal fin, pectoral fin, pelvic fin that are helpful in steering, and the caudal fin helpful in propelling water. The muscles used in locomotion attach to the axial skeleton i.e., the vertebral column.

B. The skeleton of an amphibian (frog) is adapted for locomotion on land (and in water). The intervertebral discs in vertebral column help hold the vertebral column together and also absorb shock and provide joint mobility. Appendages became elongated for support on land surface, and changes in the shoulder enabled the neck to move more freely.

Q. Name the form of locomotion exhibited in diagram A, B, C, D, and E.

(A) Earthworm —23.17 of text book.

(B) Leech, catterpillar larvae— 23.18 of text book.

(D) Crabs, insects, spiders__ 23.22

(E) Flea — 23.23 Comment briefly on each.

Ans. (A) Earthworms move by contraction of longitudinal and circular muscles in their body wall, assisted by setae.

(B) Leeches and catterpillars move by alternately anchoring and releasing anterior and posterior suckers in a looping manner.

(CI) Crabs walk in a sideways fashion, lobster, spider and insects walk forward with the help of limbs.

(E) Flea jumps with the help of long hind limbs. An elastic protein “animal rubber” or resilin help in jump.

Q. Figure – Rearrange the structures involved in the pathway for flow of information within the nervous system.

Input information effectors sensory neuron > motor neuron
receptors > inter neurons ) output response
Ans. See Figure Page 52.

Q. Figure —2.1

Name and label each type of neuron.
Comment on their functions.

Ans. (A) See Figure.

(B) Sensory neuron shown in (a) transmit information from the environment to the central nervous system.

Motor neurons (b) transmit information from CNS to effectors (glands or muscles). These have short dendrites and long axons.

Inter neurons (c) connect other neurons, permitting integration of information.

Q. Figure — 2.9.

Name the phylum of each animal. What type of nervous system each group possesses?

Ans. (a) Hydra, phylum Cnidaria has the simplest nervous system in the form of nerve net.

(b) Planarian, phylum platyhelminthes has a brain and paired nerve cord, with central and peripheral nervous system divisions.

(c) Earthworm, phylum Annelida, shows brain, ventral nerve cord, ganglia, and peripheral nerves.

(d) Crab, a crustacean, phylum Arthropoda shows the peripheral ganglia and visceral connective nerves.

(e) A squid, phylum Mollusca has a complex nervous system like those of fishes.

(f) Starfish, phylum Echinodermata has an ectoneural and hyponeural system, both with no connections.

Q. Figure — 2.9a

Name the animal / group which possess the above spinal cord.

Ans. See diagram 2.9a and its caption.

Q. Figure —2.12

Identity the group/animal which possess the type of brain in the figure.

Q. Figure — (A) 2.16, (B) 2.17, (C) 2.18, (D) 2.20, (E) 2.21. Identify each receptor organ. Give function of each

Ans. (A) The figure is a cross section through an insect sensillum. It is a chemoreceptor.

(B) Figure shows a cross section of a statocyst, which is a georeceptor in the invertebrates.

(C) Figure shows a tympanal organ, a phonoreceptor, sensitive to sound waves.

(D) Figure shows lateral line system of a shark and an ampullary organ which functions in electroreception.

(E) Figure shows the lateral-line system and mechanoreceptors (neuromasts) concerned with detection of water movement.

Q. Figure— 2.24

Label various parts of human ear.

Q.Figure —2.25

Identity the structure )n the figure. Comment on their mode of function,

Q. Figure-2.27

Label various parts of eye.

Q. Figure— 3.13

Label the endocrine glands of the fish.

Q. Figure — 3.16

Label the endocrine glands of a bird.

Q. Figure — 3.27

Label T.S. of pancreas.

From which part of pancreas insulin and glucagon are secreted? Ans. See diagram and caption.

Q. Figure-4.1

What type of animals possess the circulatory system shown in a, b, c, d, e, f, and
B. Comment on the mode of action in each case.

Ans. See diagram’s caption.

Figure —4.2
Identify and label part of each circulatory vessel.
Comment on the relationship of structure and function.

An 3. See caption of diagram.

Figure — 4.6

Label parts of human heart show the pathway of circulation of blood. Ans. See diagram.

Q. Figure — 4.7

Label the following parts of human heart.

a. S.A. node.

b. S.V. node. _r1

c. Purkinjee fibres.

Ans. See diagram.

Q. Figure — 4.17

Label parts of respiratory system of man.

Q. Figure — 5.5

Comment on the digestive structure of invertebrates shown in the diagram.

q.Figure — 5.9

1 Name the wave of contraction in the digestive tube shown in a, and b. What

impact each has on movement of food.

Ans. See diagram and caption.

Q. Figure — 6.11

What structure is shown in the diagram. What is its function?
Ans. See caption of diagram.

Q. Figure — 6.13

Name the structure shown in b part of diagram. What is its function.

Q. Figure — 6.14

Identify the pronephric, mesonephric and netanephric kidney in the figure. Comment on their function and relation with reproductive part.

Q. Figure — 7.4

Label parts of an amniotic e.g. Comment of function of each.

Q. Figure — 8.4

Identify the type of animal group and type of cleavage shown by animals A B, C, D, and E.

2004 B.Sc. (NEW COURSE)

Zoology Time Allowed: 3 hours

Paper: C (Form and Function) Max Marks: 45

Part — 1 (Answer these questions on the question sheet only)

Q.1. Decide and then encircle, with ink only, the correct answer in the multiple

choices. No over-writing and cutting allowed. [1/3×30=10)

1. The part of the epidermis from where the feathers are derived and constitute the most complex form of this part:

(a) Stratum corneurn (b) Stratum granulosum

2. The peripheral nervous system is best described as

(a) The brain and spinal cord

(b) The autonomic nervous system

(d) The somatic nervous system

(e) The voluntary nervous system

3. The concept which is needed to explain the all or none law is:

(a) Refraction (b) Sodium pump

4. The gland associated with stress and the light or flight” reaction:

(a) Thyroid (b) Adrenal medulla

5. The most common respiratory pigment in mollusks and crustaceans:

(a) Hemoglobin (b) Hemerythrin

6. The longest portion of the alimentary canal in humans is the:

(a) Esophagus (b) Stomach

7 Which of the following is an enzyme of the small intestine:

(a) Ptyalin (b) Bile

(e) Pepsin

8. The functioning embryonic kidney of many vertebrates and also adult fishes and amphibians is:

(a) Pronephpros (b) Mesonephros

9. In testes male sex hormones are secreted by clusters of endocrine cells called:

(a) Interstitial cells (b) Sustentacular cells

10. In human female, the hormone “inhibin”, which inhibits the secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland is secreted from:

(a) Hypothalamus (b) Corpus luteum

11 The pacemaker of the human heart is known as the:

(a) Bundle of His (b) Mitral valve

12 . An excretory structure that is typically found in planarians is:

(a) Nephron (b) Flame cell

13. Human eye is a light receptor in which the:

(a) Rods distinguish color

(b) Visual purple is formed in the vitreous humor

(d) Fovea centralis has the most acute vision

14. Which one of the followings is well known for their high potential fecundity:

(a) Fishes (b) Amphibians and reptiles

15. The extraembryonic membrane that permits gas exchange and storage of excretory products:

(a) Yolk sac (b) Amnion

16. In antennal gland of the crayfish, an important site for reabsorption is:

(a) Bladder (b) Labyrinth

17. The process called gular flutter in some species of birds is:

(a) To increase evaporation from respiratory system

(b) A state of prolonged sleep in the winter

(d) A reflection of complex locomotor patterns

18. The principal means of locomotion in larger flatworms and nemertines is:

(a) Looping movement (b) Ciliary creeping

19. The germ layer that give rise to sensory organs:

(a) Ectoderm (b) Endoderm

20. Of the following, which mainly controls the rate of androgen secretion:

(a) ACTH (b) FSH

21.An example of a chemoreceptor is:

(a) Gustatory cells (b) Pit organs

22. In chick embryo a depression forms at the anterior margin of the primitive streak that marks the beginning of an inward migration of epiblast cells is:

(a) Hypoblast (b) Blastoderm

23. All the supportive tissues of vertebrates, including connective tissues (bone, cartilage and blood) and muscles are formed from:

(a) Ectoderm (b) Mesoderm

24. In amphibians, the cortical changes result in the formation of a in the egg, opposite the point of sperm penetration:

(a) Fertilization membrane (b) Gray crescent

25. Meroblastic cleavage occurs in eggs with:

(a) A small quantity of evenly distributed yolk

(b) Modreate to large quantities of unevenly distributed yolk

(d) None of these

26. One motor nerve fibre and all the muscle fibers with which it communicates form a:

(a) Folded sarcolemma (b) Motor unit

27. The function unit of a muscle myofibril is the:

(a) Z-line (b) Muscle fibre

28. Smooth muscles

(a) Surround visceral organs (b) Have very few myofibrils

(e) All of the above

29. The ability of an organism to exchange respiratory gases simulataneously with both air and water is:

(a) Cutaneous respiration (b) Bimodel breathing

Vitamin ____________ promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus, promotes
development of teeth and bones:

(a) A (b) D

Q.2. Write the precise answer of the statement in the blank space [1 /2×20=1 0]

The hormone that promotes; synthesis of carbohydrates; initiates anti-inflammatory

and anti-allergic actions; mediate response to stress_______

Name the component of the inner ear involved with hearing _______

Name the structure that filters foreign substances from blood, manufactures phagocytic lymphocytes; stores red blood cells: releases blood to the body when

blood is lost _______

The small and large intestines have rings of smooth muscles that repeatedly

contract and relax, creating an oscillating back and forth movement in the same place. These movements mix the food with digestive secretions. What these

movements are called .

To reduce water loss, sharks use two organic molecules — urea and tnmethylamine

oxide (IMO). Urea denatures proteins and inhibits enzymes, whereas TMO stabilizes proteins and activates enzymes. Together in the proper ratio, they counter act each other, raise the osmotic pressure, and do not interfere with enzymes or

proteins. What this reciprocacity is called?________

. Corpus luteum forms; endometrium thickness and becomes glandular; lasts 15-28

days. These are the events and duration of a phase of menstrual cycle. Name this

phase_________

In sea urchin, the cell movements that begin in gastrulation produce a pluteus larva.

Name the process of progressive development of an animal’s form that begins in

gastrulation ________

Name the only epidermal gland of birds______
Chordamesoderm in amphibians develop to which structure? _____
Compound eyes of insects consist of many distinct units. What these units are

called? _______

11. In arthropods the hormone ecdysone induces molting. From which gland of

arthropods ecdysone is released?________

12. Name the process of blood cell production _______

13Name any sensory crinial nerve________

14.A night humming birds and some bats enter a sleep like state in which their body

----------------------------

----------------------------

temperature approaches that of the cooler surroundings. What is this process

15. Name the excretory organs of Arachnids (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites) ___

16. Name the cells in the seminiferous tubules which nourish the sperm as they form and which also secrete a fluid (as well as the hormone inhibition) into the tubules to

provide a liquid medium for the sperm________

17. All receptors are transducers. Different types of receptors convert different kinds of stimuli, such as light or heat, into a local electrical potential. Name this local

electrical potential ________

18. In jawed fishes and primitive tetrapods, several small glands (ventral to esophagus) produce the hormone calcitonin that helps regulate the concentration of blood

calcium. Name these glands ________

19. Name the simple glands connected to hair follicles in the dermis of mammals

20. the outermost layer of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract is

Q.3. (i) Write the name of the group with each diagram of circulatory system – Diagram No. 4.5

(ii) Comment on the specific developments in the structure of heart, direction and nature of the blood to pulmonary and systemic circulation concerning each

group [1+4=5]

Ans. (a) Bony fishes (b) Amphibians

Comments:

(a) In bony fishes, the heart’s two chambers, (atrium and ventricle) pump in series. Respiratory and systemic circulations are not separate. Only venous blood passes through the heart.

(b) The amphibian heart has two atria and one ventricle. Oxygenated blood from the lungs (and skin) enters the left atrium, and deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium. The blood from both atria empties into one ventricle, which then pumps it into the respiratory and systemic circulations.

(c) Most reptiles exhibit a greater degree of anatomical division of the ventricle into two halves, thereby minimizing the chances of mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated bloods.

(d) In crocodilians, birds, and mammals, the ventricle is completely divided, forming a four chambered heart, with the blood flow through the lungs completely separated from the flow to other tissues.

2004 B.Sc. (New Course)

Zoology Paper: C
Answer the questions on separate sheet provide

Part — II (Answer any Three of the following) 4 x 3 = 12

Describe the electrical conduction system of the human heart (Answer on page 164)
Give an account of rumens. (Answer on page 219)
Describe the control of muscle contraction. (Answer on page 39)
What is synapse? What are its types? Describe the events involved in transmission of action potential across a chemical synapse. (Answer on page 53, 61)
Where is the pancreas located? Describe the endocrine portions of this gland and the secretions produced by each portion. (Answer on page 131)

Part — III (Answer any One of the following) 8

Describe the anatomy of human eyeball. Discuss a comparative account of 3+3+2 photoreception in vertebrates. Also discuss the physiology of vision. (Answer on page 84, 86)
What are three different types of kidneys in vertebrates? Give a detailed account 1+7 of the functioning of the metanephric kidney. (Answer on page 263, 268)

ANSWERS

MCCIs
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d)
8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (a)
15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b) 21. (c)
22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (e)

Precise Answers
1. Glucocorticoids (Cortisole)                    2. Cochlea
3. Spleen                                                              4. Peristalsis
5. Couteracting Osmolyte Strategy         6. Stage L (Luteal)
7. Organogenesis                                            8. Uropygial gland
9. Notochord / vertebral column             10. Omatidia / Ocellus
11. Prothoracic gland                                     12. Haemogenesis
13. Optic nerve                                                  14. Daily tropor
15. Coxal gland                                                  16. Sustenticular cells
17. generator potential                                  18. Ultimobranchial glands
19. Sebacions                                                        20. Submucosa

2005 B.Sc. (New Course)

Zoology Time Allowed: 3 hours

Paper: C Max Marks: 45

Part — 1 (Answer these questions on the question sheet only)

Q.1. Decide and then encircle, with ink only, the correct answer in the multiple

choices. No over-writing and cutting allowed. [1/3×30=10]

1 . The most important factor in the return to venous blood flow back to the heart is

(a) The heart (b) High pressure

2. The cardiac cycle is __________

(a) The time period between the two heart sounds

(b) The actin of the heart in a minute’s time

(d) The contraction and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart

3. At night, hummingbirds enter a sleep-like state called

(a) Aestivation (b) Hibernation

4. The___________ is an organism with an open circulatory system

(a) Snail (b) Sponge

5. Epinephrine is secreted from the

(a) Liver (b) Adrenal Cortex

6. Which of the following is not a lymphocyte?

(a) Monocyte (b) B Cell

7. All of the following are required to breathe in except

(a) Contraction of the intercostal muscles

(b) Contraction of the lungs

(d) Contraction of the diaphragm

8. Through what sequence of structures would a volume of air have to travel from the mouth into the lungs?

(a) Mouth-pharynx-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli

(b) Mouth-larynx-trachea-pharynx-alveoli

(d) None of the above

9. What mechanism is used to transport both carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood?

(a) Hemoglobin (b) Dissolved in the blood plasma

10. The function of bile is the _______

(a) Facilitation of sugar and amino acids absorption

(b) Production of the bile pigments

(c) Emulsification of fats for digestion with lipase

(d) Maintenance of blood glucose level

11 In animals, which of the following would be categorized as a trace mineral?

(a) Copper (b) Calcium

12. What triggers the swallowing reflex?

(a) Food entering the mouth (b) Food entering pharynx

13. The sensory information of the hand too close to the flame will first be processed in the

(a) Brain (b) Central Nervous System

14. _______ from the hypothalamus stimulate the actions of the anterior pituitary.

(a) Nerve impulses (b) Exocrine hormones

15. Which hormone, secreted in a daily rhythm, is thought to influence sleep/wake cycles?

(a) Insulin (b) Melatonin

16. If the osmotic concentration of the body fluids of an animal equals that of the medium in which an animal is living, the animal is termed an

(a) Osmoregulator (b) Osmoconformer

17. Which portion of a neuron will conduct impulses toward the cell body?

(a) Axon (b) Schwann cells

18. The point at which the action potential is triggered is called ______

(a) Resting potential (b) Threshold

19. Which of the peripheral nervous system will innervate skeletal muscle?

(a) Autonomic nervous system (b) Symphathetic nervous system

20. What would likely be the effect at a synapse it the neurotransmitter was allowed to remain in the synaptic cleft bound to receptors?

(a) The postsynaptic membrane would continue to generate depolarization waves

(b) One impulse would degrade, because the neurotransmitters diffuse away from the site

(d) None of these

21. You are looking at a cross section of neural tissue. You notice that gray pigmented area, shaped like a butterfly is found surrounded by white (non-pigmented) tissue

This cross section is form the________

(a) Cerebrum (b) Spinal cord

22. Where does the ear convert the mechanical energy called sound into electrical signals that are sent to the brain?

(a) Outer ear (b) Middle ear

23 .The part of the epidermis from where the feathers are derived and constitute the most complex form of this part.

(a) Stratum corium (b) Stratum granulosum

24. The forms and shapes of hydrostatic skeleton is

(a) Gastrovascular cavity of acoelomate (b) Pseudocoelom in Aschelminthes

25 .The arthropods that exhibit sideways walk fashion are

(a) Crabs (b) Lobsters

26. The most sensitive receptor system in the antennae of male silkworm moth

(a) Baroreceptor (b) Chemoreceptor

27. The important structure in the specificity of the hormone’s action in particular target cell is

(a) Cell membrane (b) Nuclear membrane

28. The activation of which of the following cause their division and the differentiation to produce plasma cells?

(a) B-Lymphocytes (b) T-Lymphocytes

29. In the evolution of animal nutrition which of their activity is particularly affected?

(a) Loss of biosynthetic activity (b) Metabolism

30. The state which allows the animals to survive by periods of elevated temperature and diminished water supplies

(a) Hibernation (b) Migration

Q.2. Write the precise answer of the statement in the bank space provided against

every question. 1/2×20=10

1 Name the mineralocorticoids, involved in the regulation of salts __

2 Animals which have most primitive nervous system are______

3 Name the Lateral lines receptor of fish ________

Fluids which fill the chambers of the mammalian eye are called _______
In which part of the brain, regulatory center for hunger and thirst are located?

Name the class of animals which show most specialized teeth

The evolutionary history of animals is called as ______

Plasma and formed elements percentage of a typical vertebrate blood is _____
Fluid lost from capillaries is returned to the venous system by______

0. Name the valves of the mammalian heart which prevent backf low of blood into Ihe

ventricles _______

1 The part of the fish heart which collects blood and delivers it to the single atrium is

called________

2 How many openings are there in mammalian pharynx?_________

3 Name the cells which give nourishment to the newly produced sperms in the testis

The “skeletal” system of a worm is known as________
Which part of the cell possesses an enzyme adenylate-cyclase _______
Name the major endocrine part of the typical insect body_______
Mammals but still oviparous — What comes in your mind to call them?______
Which class of vertebrates has a relatively constant body temperature? _______
Animals those lay eggs, which hatch outside of the body of their mothers, are called

120. How many pairs of cranial nerves are found in tiles, birds, and mammals?

Write the name of the phyla to which the following animals belong. Comment on their specific nervous coordination. 1+4=5
Figure —2.9

2005 B.Sc. (New Course)

Zoology Paper: C
Answer the questions on separate sheet provide

Part — II (Answer any Three of the following) 4 x 3 = 12

How does countercurrent blood flow in the extremities to minimize cooling of the body core of a mammal? (Answer on page 251)
Write a note on the four respiratory pigments. (Answer on page 181)
How do sponges and cnidarians trap and capture their food? (Answer on page 216)
How of fishes utilize electro receptors? (Answer on page 78)
Explain amoeboid movement? (Answer on page 33)

Part – Ill (Answer any One of the following) 8

9. Explain events of menstrual cycle with reference to the hormonal interplay. (Answer on page 314)

10, Explain muscle contraction with reference to the role of Ca⁺⁺. (Answer on page 39, 40)

ANSWERS

MCOs
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (b)
8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d)
15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (b)
22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (?) 28. (a)
29. (c) 30. (c)
Fill in the blanks
1. Aldosterone                                                2. Cnidarian
3. Neuromasts                                                4. Vitreous humor & aqueous humor
5. Hypothalamm                                            6. Mammalia
7. Phylogeny                                                  8. 55% , 45%
9. Lymphatic systeus                                  10 Atrio-Ventricular Valves i.e., mitral valve / bicusquid, Tricuspid
11 Sinus venosus                                            12. Two inlets & two oulets
13 Sustentecular cells                                   14. Hydrostatic
15 Plasma membrane                                    16. Corpus Cardiaca
17 Prototheria                                                   18. Mammalia
19 Oviparous                                                      20. 12 (Twelve)

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Chapter 9 ZOOLOGY OBJECTIVES

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